Moral Theories Can Help Justify The Decisions That Are Made

Moral Theories Moral theories can help justify the decisions that are made. Each theory has separate viewpoints in which other theories borrow elements from. Moral theories attempt to explain what it is that makes some actions right and others wrong. These are then used as a guide to making choices. They operate at a more general level than moral or legal principles and rules. The four main groups that one should be aware of are: Utilitarian, Kantian, Aristotelian and Feminist. Utilitarian Utilitarianism is based on maximizing human welfare, it is seen as the only way to determines the rightness of actions (Duignan, 2015). Furthermore, theory is in opposition to egoism, the view that a person should pursue his own self-interest, even at the expense of others, and to any ethical theory that regards some acts or types of acts (Duignan, 2015). Utilitarianism is said to be a strict relationship between the rightness of an action and the amount of pleasure it promotes and pain it prevents. However, in utilitarianism the only thing that gages morality of an action is whether it produces the greatest happiness ( McMillan, n.d.). Furthermore, utilitarian’s think that the moral rightness of an action is dependant of weather it promotes rightness. Rule utilitarian’s on the other hand, favor moral actions that are backed by moral rules. Utilitarianism is seen as morally demanding, as it requires increased moral choices. Rule utilitarianism down side is that it can be seen as ruleShow MoreRelatedDescribe the Main Principles of the Two Normative Ethical Theories of Deontology and Utilitarianism. Compare and Contrast the Two Theories, Bringing Out Any Problems or Limitations You See in Each.1652 Words   |  7 PagesDescribe the main principles of the two normative ethical theories of deontology and utilitarianism. Compare and contrast the two theories, bringing out any problems or limitations you see in each. Bioethics Essay †¢ Intro: Define ethics and define and introduce the two theories. (philosophical theories†¦) †¢ Utilitarianism- example †¢ Deontology- example- compare †¢ comparing- evaluating and critically analyzing*- similarities and differences. †¢ Limitations and positives* Read MoreMorality And The Moral Theories1137 Words   |  5 PagesMeaning of the phrases ï ¿ ½the ends justifies the means’ The phrase ï ¿ ½the ends justifies the means’ is a very popular in many fields and is also used in our day to day living. However, it is more used when talking about morality issues whereby it means that the morality of an action or behavior depends entirely on the result of that action and not the behavior or action itself. This is phrase that can be viewed different by proponent of different moral theories. A consequentialist theorist will agreeRead MoreEthical Theory : The Philosophical Study Of Morality Essay1511 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Theory is the philosophical study of morality. (Cambridge dictionary) this is the study of people or cultures and their ethical behaviors. There are many cultures and groups of people that make up our world. Not everyone has the same ethical values and each cultu re is uniquely different. Ethical theory is a set of beliefs by a culture, with an ethical theory it helps people set to values and concepts of right and wrong behavior. We use ethical systems to work through our problems to findRead MoreAnalyzing the Parable of the Sadhu1559 Words   |  7 Pagesthat this is consistent with everyones best interests, while helping the Sadhu is clearly not. Action was ethical. However the fact that McCoy feels guilty reflects that he was unable to promote his long term interest. Hence it becomes ambiguous to justify his actions. Kantian Ethics: Should abide by the following 2 principles: *Maxim should become a universal law *Never treat people simply as means to an end but always at the same time as ends in themselves In the parable, Stephen says that theRead MoreThe Challenge Of Cultural Relativism By James Rachels1247 Words   |  5 PagesCultural Relativism†, James Rachels presents six claims that have been made by cultural relativists. One of the six claims that Rachels presents in section 2.2 of the article is that different societies have different moral codes. I believe that Rachels thinks this claim is true. Section 2.1 of the article does a good job at explaining this idea. In this section, Rachels gives several examples of the differences that can be found in moral codes of different people groups throughout time. One of the specificRead MoreThe Code And The Deontological Decision Making Model962 Words   |  4 Pagesknown today. The Code is a â€Å"nonnegotiable ethical standard† that â€Å"provides a succinct statement of the ethical values, obligations and duties of every individual who enters the nursing profession† (ANA, 2016). Using The Code and the deontologi cal decision-making model, the author of this paper will analyze the case scenario provided, and resolve the ethical dilemma. The ethical dilemma in this case involves a 6-year-old child who was diagnosed with meningitis. The divorced parents are of differentRead MoreMilitary Ethics1692 Words   |  7 PagesMilitary Ethics PHI208: Ethics and Moral Reasoning Prof Whitney Easton 10 March, 2014 â€Æ' Military Ethics This paper will discuss the topic of military ethics using the utilitarian theory. It will also incorporate the ethical system of virtue ethics. â€Å"Military ethics is about our learning what is good and true and then having the courage to do and be what and who we ought to. For military ethics is not about his or her successes or failures; it is not about their virtues or vices. MilitaryRead MoreMoral Development And The Social Learning Theory Essay1466 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will examine moral development and the theories of cognitive development and the Social Learning theory. It will also cover key theorists and their perspectives moving on to different kinds of development followed by an evaluation of the chosen theories and the studies that surround their validity. The final segment will be of the nature nurture aspect. Moral development is essentially the ability to distinguish right from wrong actions and good from bad behaviour. Albert Bandura believedRead MoreUtilitarianism versus Deontologism1110 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Utilitarianism is normative ethical theory from a school of thought that believes we must guide our actions always by the consequences that can from follow them. Utilitarian’s believe we ought to implement the actions that bring the most overall happiness. Deontologists believe in an ethical theory that is guided by maxims, which means the action you choose must be applied to all scenarios, for example even if lying is the best option in one particular situation, in most regular situationsRead MoreHume Versus Kant Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesHume and Kant offered two differing views on morality. Humes philosophy regarding moral theory came from the belief that reason alone can never cause action. Desire or thoughts cause action. Because reason alone can never cause action, morality is rooted in us and our perception of the world and what we want to gain from it. Virtue arises from acting on a desire to help others. Humes moral theory is therefore a virtue-centered morality rather than the natural-law morality, which saw morality as

Divorce Essay - 992 Words

Divorce can destroy family Not too long ago, â€Å"divorce† was forbidden, unaccepted, unheard of, difficult to get, and considered as an act of sin among married couples. Many changes in the last fifty-years have affected marriage and divorce rates. The rise of the women’s liberation movement, the advent of the sexual revolution, and an increase in women’s labor force participation altered perceptions of gender roles. As of today, in â€Å"modern society† divorce has become more acceptable. The guilt and shame of the old divorce laws are gone. More couples are separated and divorcing is becoming part of the norm. (MLR) Divorce can be one of the most painful topics and the most talked about in the modern world. When a marriage is not working,†¦show more content†¦The effects of a divorce can take an emotional toll on a person as much as a financial burden. There can be temporary effects to long lasting effects on the family. Divorce is emotionally devastating for most peop le. It forces us to kill â€Å"our dreams† when we are married to our mate. Often at times, we envision the â€Å"white picket fence† and growing old with that person and we never see divorce as an option. So, when the end result is divorce it can be the ultimate rejection, because we feel like we are being rejected by the one person that would â€Å"never hurt us†. Divorce is a type of death, and we need to grieve the loss such as we do a death. In a divorce, we can also lose our confidence. At times, we often feel like we have failed as a wife or husband, and that sometimes leads to â€Å"rebound† relationships where we can fall into a relationship right away, not choosing someone that is healthy. (Swaity) When getting a divorce, it can also lead to loss of friends and family. When you get a divorce, you are also divorcing your partner’s family. Divorce often makes your family and friends feel like they need to choose and take sides. Married coup les often have couple friends that you usually do stuff with, so when a divorce happens they dont know what to say so they stay away. Divorce is expensive in many ways. There are legal costs of obtaining a divorce. While married, couples usually accumulate assets so that has to be divided. And when there are childrenShow MoreRelatedCauses of Divorce Essay886 Words   |  4 PagesCause and Effect of Divorce In today’s society, divorce is more the norm than ever before. Forty percent of all marriages end in divorce. Divorce defined by Webster is the action or an instance of legally dissolving a marriage. Divorce itself is both a cause and effect. There are many causes of divorce. Some of the causes happen more often than others. For instance, the most common causes of divorce are poor communication, financial problems such as lack of money, lack of commitment to marriageRead MoreEssay on Divorce730 Words   |  3 PagesBroken families are on since the beginning of humanity. In fact, divorce, which has been very common in today’s societies, is the major cause that leads to family devastation. However, although, in some cases, divorce is the only solution for a family to live in peace, one must think many times before taking such decision, and that is because of many . When life becomes unbearable between a women an her husband, they may think of divorce as being a fair solution for both of them to get their â€Å"independence†Read More Divorce Essay935 Words   |  4 Pagesboth parents declined from 85% to 68%. As this century has passed, more and more divorces are taking place at an increased rate each year, and while it may be hard on the parents, its detrimental to so many children. It confuses them, upsets them, and leaves them questioning many things, most of which they will never find out until they are older. From 1950 to 1980 there has been a total of 175% increase in divorces. The statistics now indicate, that half of all children will witness the breakupRead MoreDivorce Essay On Divorce1972 Words   |  8 PagesProject October 13, 2017 The American Divorce: Before and After No-Fault Mr. and Mrs. James Luxford of the Massachusetts Bay Colony hold the distinction of being the first couple to divorce in the American Colonies back on December 3, 1639, on the grounds of bigamy. After the divorce was granted, James was promptly thrown in the stocks and eventually banished to England. Divorce was treated with more severity back then. The stigma once connected to divorce has changed drastically throughout AmericanRead More Divorce Essay812 Words   |  4 Pages Divorce among Americans is rampant. Anymore, divorces are as common as marriages themselves. Couples marry and then something goes wrong in their relationship, so they divorce. Although a divorce may be hard on the adults involved, what about the children? What happens to the kids of these broken marriages? Some parents who are going through a divorce wonder what the effects of their divorce will be on their children. They worry that the divorce will cause their children emotional problems thatRead More divorce Essay815 Words   |  4 Pages Divorcenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Divorce rates in the United States have increased dramatically over the past 25 years. Researchers have found that more than 40 percent of all marriages among young Americans end in divorce resulting in its acceptance in today’s family structure and behavior (â€Å"Demographics†). Divorce has become such a painless process that the moment a couple hits the rocks it is easier and less stressful for them to divorce rather than going throughRead MoreEssay on Causes and Effects of Divorce620 Words   |  3 PagesCauses and Effects of Divorce Relationships are all about give and take, and to maintain them people must be willing to do the work. Today dissolution of marriage is being used as the easy way out when couples can no longer agree. Although people tend to think carefully before they get marriage, the rate of divorce continuously rise nowadays. There are three main causes of divorce: lack of communication, financial problems, and infidelity, which are explained throughout this essay. The first significantRead MoreDivorce and Its Effect On Children Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesI. Introdution Divorce is a heavy concept that has many implications for those involved. The situation becomes even more consequential when children are considered. As divorce has become more commonplace in society, millions of children are affected by the separation of the nuclear family. How far-reaching are these effects? And is there a time when divorce is beneficial to the lives of the children? This paper will examine some of the major research and several different perspectives regardingRead More Divorce in america Essay660 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"It is easier to divorce my wife of 26 years than to fire someone I hired one week ago. The person I hire has more legal clout....than my wife of 26 years. Thats wrong.quot; --Judge Randall Hekman, President of the Michigan Family Forum There are, undoubtedly, a number of causes for divorce. Divorce used to be considered scandalous and immoral. This contributed to many marriages surviving despite strains. However, as divorce becomes more common, the more natural and expectable it seems. The numberRead More Jewish Divorce Essay926 Words   |  4 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Although changes have been made to Jewish divorce laws, women are continually being mistreated when dealing with the issues of divorce. In biblical times, there were no assurances that women would be protected when faced with a man who wanted a divorce. Furthermore, women were not allowed to initiate the process by asking for one. As time went on, it was recognized that women needed to be somewhat shielded from actions that her husband could take, which she had no control

Should Teenagers Be Tried as Adults Free Essays

* Should teenagers be tried as adults? Opinions differ. Some people argue that teenagers don’t know what they are doing when they commit a crime and are still too young to comprehend what is right and wrong. I totally disagree. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Teenagers Be Tried as Adults or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am old enough to know that committing a crime is wrong and that if I commit one, I will be punished. Anyone who says teens can’t tell right from wrong is either too old to remember what being a teenager is like or they are a teenager who has committed a crime and don’t want to be tried as an adult. In either case, they are wrong. All teens know that killing is wrong, yet they do it anyway and get away with a light sentence because of their age. Even if a teen didn’t know it was wrong, it doesn’t mean it’s right. They should still be punished. If they aren’t, they will think that crimes are okay and continue to commit them. Teens today don’t fear the law because they don’t think they will get caught. And if they do, they know they have a good chance of getting off because they are tried as teens and not adults. We have to get tougher on crime. There should be a law that everyone over eleven years old will be tried as adults. That way more teens would be discouraged from committing crimes. They would know that murder would get them a very long sentence instead of staying in juvenile hall until they are eighteen. If we want to cut down on teen crime, we have to have tougher laws. ? * I don’t think there is any excuse for committing a crime. * i think it depends on the crimes stances. hat if a kid kills their physically abusive parents in those cases there should be special treatment. However crimes of passion and maybe drugs should they should be tried as adults. * Since we’re talking about murder cases, I believe that teens should be tried as adults. If not, they are most likely going to repeat the crime knowing that they won’t get in any serious trouble. For example, I know people who have stolen things of mine because they figured they were only 10 and there was no one who would really punish them if they were caught. Now, at 13 they are still stealing because they think it’s okay. Now if you’re a teenager, you know that murder is wrong (unless it’s in self-defense) so there is no excuse for doing so. * A rising number of juveniles under the age of 18 are not only being charged for crimes as adults, but are serving in adult jails and even serving life sentences. Every state has some mechanism in place that allows juveniles charged with certain crimes to be tried in criminal court as adults. Thousands of children annually are even being â€Å"automatically† transferred to adult criminal court. Much of the change in the laws over the past few decades making it easier to try youths as adults has been in part due to the increase in juvenile crime and public outrage over particularly violent crimes and repeat juvenile offenders. The most common increases in juvenile crime have been noted with respect to gang violence, school shootings, increases in drugs in youth neighborhoods, and even increases in bullying among peers. How to cite Should Teenagers Be Tried as Adults, Essay examples

People Attend College or University free essay sample

This is due to the financial problem and also the amount of college and university hat built up in that time. But in this new millennium, all people are having an opportunity to go to college or university because of the scholarships and dispersion of the private or government college and university in everywhere. Today, people attend the college or university because of some reasons. The reasons are preparation for their career, increased knowledge and gained new experience.First and foremost, the most important reason why people attend the college or university is due to the preparation for their own career. Nowadays, every people desire to have a good job, but, what is going on in he work field is the companies demand a high qualification for those new employees. Therefore, the people need to get a high level of education to get a good job. For example, diploma, degree, master certificate are needed for the people to get a place in the work field. We will write a custom essay sample on People Attend College or University or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Those with the SUM, STEP certificate are slowly eliminated by the companies now.A high level of education such as the diploma, degree, master and PhD enable the graduates to get a good post like financial analysts, accountant, engineer, doctor, banker and so on. In contrast, the people who are with the SUM or STEP level possible work as a salesman, clerk, and so on. Besides that, a good post also will get a good paid. With the higher paid, this will make the people life more happiness. The second reason why people attend the college or university is to increase knowledge. The knowledge that a people need to know are general knowledge and academic knowledge.Inside the university or college, there are numerous courses that are offered. We can learn the general knowledge not only in the newspaper but also in the university or college through the course mate, housemate, seniors and professors although you are not study in that course. For example, why some people will suffer insomnia? From this question, we can direct obtain the answer from the student who is study the psychology. Besides that, we also can observe more information from the lecturers who are expert in this field.Furthermore, study in college or university is totally different from you are study in the secondary school. This is because when we are study in secondary school, we are studying all the subject include science, principle of accounting, moral, history and so on. And these subjects, we are just learn the basic of it and pass through title. However, in contrast, we are separated from the science, cuisines and economic when we study in college and university. We are concentrated in one subject and learn more detail in that particular subject.With the knowledge we gain in university, we can think out of the box not only the content in the box. Last but not the least, the reason why people attend college or university is to have a new experience in the journey of their life. For example, in the university or college, the students can have the opportunity to make new friends from different states or even different countries. Studying in college or university for few years will help you to come more mature, more confident and more independent.For example, every student will feel nervous when they live in a stranger environment, especially for those who are the first time stay away from their parents. Therefore, they have to learn and do everything by themselves. Besides that, they also have to know how to socialize better with the friends around them for the purpose of group project and also sharpen their social skills. They have to make a close relationship with the friends and professor to result a successful project. Thus, they have to change the way of thinking to adapt the ewe life.In college or university, the hardship that a student facing like understand the different culture and custom of other local and oversea students make their life more challenging. So they have to solve the problem to pass through the university life. In a nut shell, preparation for their own career, increase the knowledge and gain new experience are the reason of why people attend college or university. Thus, graduated from university is important for people to meet this sophisticated world and competitive workforce market because they had fulfilled with qualifications.

Marketing Mix Essay Example

Marketing Mix Essay Marketing mix is simply a technique used to promote a product or a service, which can consist of many factors such as advertising, pricing, packaging, labelling, branding and boosting the product/service provided. Marketing mix is applied to most, if not all products and services provided by any company in the private sector, with the aim of increasing sales or demands for a specific product/service. Companies use marketing mix techniques to increase sales on certain products. E.g. they may use Premium Pricing on certain products and services. This means that the product or service will have a very high price, however, it will be worth it as the product or service may be unique, luxurious or may have a special designing and etc. Premium pricing is always aimed at higher class people who would be able to afford such products services, and any high street stores would also be located in a posh area. Marks Spencer is a typical example of a company which uses premium pricing, as their products are considerably higher than other average or unpopular brands. However the quality of their products is also higher, and although the prices more expensive the company still manages to make profits. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Mix specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Mix specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Mix specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Penetration Pricing is also another technique which helps companies increase sales. This is when a product or service is new or is not very popular, therefore its price is set really low at the start. However once it has become more popular, the price is set higher so that companies and suppliers can increase profits. This technique is normally aimed at mid-class people who would be looking for cheaper deals, but would however be willing to spend a bit more if necessary. Most retailers e.g. Tesco, Sainsburys, Marks ; Spencer and etc are examples of companies that use penetration pricing, as when they first launch a product or it is not popular enough they use this technique as well as Buy One Get One Free (BOGOF) deals to increase sales. However as soon as these products have gained customers preference, companies set their prices higher in order to increase profits. Economic Pricing is when products and services are set very low to attract customers who would be looking for cheaper deals. These products and services are normally from unpopular brands, however the quality may still be the same as the quality of any other popular brand. Again most retailers such as ASDA, Morrisons, Tesco and etc use this technique, but unlike premium or penetrating priced products, this technique is normally applied on products of their own brand which customers tend to think have a lower quality than other popular brands. Price Skimming is another technique used by companies and suppliers. Prices are normally very high, because these companies and suppliers know they have an advantage over other brands, therefore they know they will still make a profit. However when prices are very high, it may attract many competitors that may claim their quality is just as good and reliable, which can cause price skimming companies to lose customers and lower their products prices. Dolce ; Gabbana, Gucci, Apple, Sony and etc are all examples of companies that use price skimming. All these companies set their products at a very high price, knowing that their customers will still be loyal to them and that they will still be able to make a profit. All these techniques can be represented by the picture below: As well as considering the techniques above, companies and suppliers also take into account the Three Levels of a Product. This is what the product is and what other features may be added to it to make it more valuable, this can be separated into three phases Core Product, Actual Product and Augmented Product. Core Product is what the product really is, and what the main benefit that customers can get out of it is. Every product has its core, no matter how simple or posh it is. Actual Product is an addition feature which can be added to a product in order to increase sales. This can be the colour or quality and etc of a product, most products have this to help boost their sales. Finally comes the last level of a product, Augmented Product. This is the advantages of a product, i.e. why the product is good to use and what jobs and tasks it can do. Additional facilities of a product are also on this level, e.g. delivery, warranties, installation and etc. All these techniques can be seen on the image below: Companies and suppliers must also consider the Product Life Cycle. Product Life Cycle is simply the life of the product from when it is first developed and introduced to its customers to the stage where it is withdrawn or renewed, with other stages in between. I.e. the development is when a product is designed, targeted at an specific audience and finally manufactured. When a product is first introduced many people are not aware of it, therefore sales are very low and the product is hardly able to cover its costs. Then comes the products growth, which is when the product is advertised and becomes known by some people. After its growth comes the products maturity, which is the prime stage of any product where it is known by majority of people and its popularity amongst customers is huge. However after a period of time the product becomes old and starts to decline, and if the product is too successful other competitors may launch a more advanced product which may outgrow the current on e. And eventually once a product becomes too outdated and advanced by other products it is finally withdrawn. However the same product can still be renewed, i.e. new features, applications and technology can be added to them, as well as targeting a larger audience than the previous product and etc. By doing this companies may boost sales, which can eventually be turned into more profits. Apple is a very common example of a company that has been able to do this through one of its products, i.e. IPod. IPods have been launched many times, with new applications, features, sizes, colours and etc increasing and boosting Apples sales. Products such as mobile phones, cars, computers and most products that may be involved with technology are normally known to have a product life cycle, which can be seen in the picture below: Application of Marketing Mix: For my description of how marketing mix is applied to products of companies in the same sector I chose two mobile companies, O2 and Vodafone. O2 and Vodafone offer a range of products and services to their customers, e.g. pay as you go mobile phones, monthly pay mobile phones, broadband internet and etc. The product I have chosen is a Sony Ericsson C902 Titanium brand new high tech mobile phone, which is available in both companies for sale and for contract at different prices and deals. Vodafone as well as O2 may use marketing mix to increase demands for the phone, and even beat each other in the number of sales and contracts recorded. E.g. on certain stores in the high street both companies advertise the mobile on their glass windows and doors, which say some of the features of the phone, how much they are available for and how long the contract would be. As well as that these stores also put big pictures of the phone on their windows, so that customers may get an idea of how the phone looks like and again to emphasise some of its special features. On their website however only newer phones are displayed on their home page, and to find this mobile you can either type it up on the search bar or look for it through the website. Once you locate the mobile, both websites tell you in details what the phones features and prices are and if it is available for pay go and if it is, how much it costs. Even though both companies do not advertise the mobile as much on their website, they have added special features on their websites which helps customers have an overall view of the mobile phone, which may make them want to get it. E.g. both websites allow you to view the phone in a 3D video which again shows you the main features of the phone, and the websites also allow you to see the overall rating that other customers have given to the mobile phone. In magazines and newspapers where the mobile phone is advertised by either O2 or Vodafone, marketing mix is again used by both companies to increase the demand for the phone and also to be more competitive and attract more customers. In magazines and newspapers both companies not only advertise the main features of the mobile phone but they also claim that by getting a contract with them it will save customers money, hassle and most importantly the customers themselves will be getting more minutes and texts. Legal and Ethical Issues: As to any company in the private sector, there are always drawbacks which can obstruct or completely impede customers from purchasing or using the product or service provided by a company. There are also other factors which may make things more difficult for companies to provide, sell or offer products/services. Examples of some drawbacks in both companies are listed below: Copyright regulations can be a big barrier to both companies, i.e. O2 and Vodafone as well as other competitors are all at risk of having their ideas stolen and copied. There are always numerous debates and arguments between rival companies that blame each other for copying or stealing their ideas, and later on editing them and claiming they are their own work. However if it is proven that any company has copied or stolen another companys ideas and projects, they can be fined and even asked to withdraw their current project, which could lose them many customers as well as causing damage to their reputation. Data Protection Acts are another drawback for both companies, as they must ensure that all details about their customers are kept safe and inaccessible for anyone who cannot be trusted by the companies. They must make sure that they only keep customers details for as long as it is necessary, i.e. if customers decide to cancel their contract, their details should be deleted immediately to avoid any further problems and etc. Both companies must also make it clear to their customers about what information is required from them, why it is required and how these companies will manage and handle their information. Competition is another major issue for these companies, as they must both provide their customers with special deals, promotions and bargains all the time. Competition also causes rival companies to lower their prices as much as they can, which can even minimise their overall profits. Certain adverts may look or sound offensive to a group of people or culture, e.g. adverts which are specifically aimed at men may have some sexist content in them, which may make women stop buying that specific product to their partners, families and etc. This can not only cause people to stop buying that particular product, but it can too damage the companys reputation. Manufacturing products can also be a constraint for certain companies as they may use cheap labour overseas to save them money. Some organisations also make their employees work very long hours, under poor conditions for very little money. If it is proved that a company uses hard labour overseas to manufacture their products, its reputation can be damaged and human right actions can also be taken against them. The Sales of Goods Act is another law imposed to these companies as they must provide their customers with the exact same product/service they advertise, i.e. all promises about that particular product must be kept and no misleading detail about it should be advertised. Again if it is proven that they have given any misleading detail about that particular product, customers can personally take legal actions against that company, which could eventually lose them money and customers loyalty, as well as damage to its reputation. The Trade Description Act is another drawback for O2 and Vodafone, as sometimes they may give misleading or very short descriptions of the service they provide. Although some companies do this people do not normally take legal actions against them, however this can still cause damage to their image as well as loss of customers loyalty. Distance Selling Regulation is another main constraint for companies that provide distant customers with products or services. They must show all details about each product or service available, how and when it is going to be delivered or available for collection, if customers will be entitled to a full refund if they are not happy with the product, and most importantly companies must make sure to all customers how safe their details will be with them. If companies do not provide enough information about them, the product or service and delivery availability, customers may choose to shop somewhere else where they think may be better for them.

The First Reptiles and Their Evolution

The First Reptiles and Their Evolution We all know how the old story goes: Fish evolved into tetrapods, tetrapods evolved into amphibians, and amphibians evolved into reptiles. Its a gross oversimplification, of course- for example, fish, tetrapods, amphibians,  and reptiles all coexisted with each other for tens of millions of years- but itll do for our purposes. And for many fans of prehistoric life, the last link in this chain is the most important, since it was the dinosaurs, pterosaurs and marine reptiles of the Mesozoic Era that all descended from ancestral reptiles. Before we proceed any further, though, we need to define what the word reptile means. As far as biologists are concerned, the single defining characteristic of reptiles is that they lay hard-shelled eggs on dry land (as opposed to amphibians, which are constrained to lay their softer, more permeable eggs in water). Secondarily, compared to amphibians, reptiles have armored or scaly skin (which protects them from dehydration in the open air); larger, more muscular legs; slightly bigger brains; and lung-powered respiration (though no diaphragms, which were a later evolutionary development). Depending on how strictly you define the term, there are two prime candidates for the first-ever reptile. The first is the early Carboniferous (about 350 million years ago) Westlothiana, from Europe, which laid leathery eggs but otherwise had a distinctly amphibian anatomy, especially pertaining to its wrists and skull. The second (and more widely accepted) candidate is Hylonomus, which lived about 35 million years after Westlothiana and resembled the kind of small, skittery lizard you run across all the time in modern pet stores. This is all simple enough, as far as it goes, but once you get past Westlothiana and Hylonomus, the story of reptile evolution gets much more complicated. Three distinct reptilian families appeared during the course of the Carboniferous and Permian periods. Anapsids like Hylonomus had solid skulls, which provided little latitude for the attachment of robust jaw muscles; the skulls of synapsids sported single holes on either side and the skulls of diapsids had two holes on both the left and right sides. These lighter skulls, with their multiple attachment points, proved to be a good template for later evolutionary adaptations. Why is this important? Well, anapsid, synapsid and diapsid reptiles pursued very different paths toward the start of the Mesozoic Era. Today, the only living relatives of the anapsids are turtles and tortoises (though the exact nature of this relationship is hotly disputed by paleontologists). The synapsids spawned one extinct reptilian line, the pelycosaurs (the most famous example of which was Dimetrodon), and another line, the therapsids, evolved into the first mammals of the Triassic period. Finally, the diapsids evolved into the first archosaurs, which then split off into dinosaurs, pterosaurs, crocodiles, and (probably) marine reptiles like plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs. Lifestyles of the First Reptiles But were getting ahead of ourselves; much of this information is discussed in  Before the Dinosaurs - Pelycosaurs, Archosaurs, and Therapsids. What were interested in here is the obscure group of lizard-like reptiles that succeeded Hylonomus and preceded these better-known (and much larger) beasts. Its not that solid evidence is lacking; plenty of obscure reptiles have been discovered in Permian and Carboniferous fossil beds, especially in Europe. Its that most of these reptiles look so similar that it can be an eye-rolling exercise to attempt to distinguish between them. The exact classification of these animals is a matter of continuing debate, but heres our attempt to cut through the froth: Captorhinids, exemplified by Captorhinus and Labidosaurus, are the most basal, or primitive, reptile family yet identified, only recently evolved from amphibian ancestors like Diadectes and Seymouria. As far as paleontologists can tell, these anapsid reptiles went on to spawn both synapsid therapsids and diapsid archosaurs. Procolophonians were plant-eating anapsid reptiles that (as mentioned above) may or may not have been ancestral to modern turtles and tortoises; among the better-known genera are Owenetta and Procolophon. Pareiasaurids were much larger anapsid reptiles that counted among the biggest land animals of the Permian period, the two best-known genera being Pareiasaurus and Scutosaurus. Over the course of their reign, the pareiasaurs evolved elaborate armor, which still didnt prevent them from going extinct 250 million years ago! Millerettids were small, lizardy-looking reptiles that subsisted on insects, and also went extinct at the end of the Permian period. The two most well-known terrestrial milleretids were Eunotosaurus and Milleretta; an ocean-dwelling variant, Mesosaurus, was one of the first reptiles to de-evolve to a marine lifestyle. Finally, no discussion of ancient reptiles would be complete without a shout-out to the flying diapsids, a family of small Triassic reptiles that evolved butterfly-like wings and glided from tree to tree. True one-offs, and well out of the mainstream of diapsid evolution, the likes of Longisquama and Hypuronector must have been a sight to see as they fluttered high overhead. These reptiles were closely related to another obscure diapsid branch, the tiny monkey lizards like Megalancosaurus and Drepanosaurus that also lived high up in trees, but lacked the ability to fly.

Qualitative analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Qualitative analysis - Essay Example Through qualitative research, the group will be able to establish the characteristic that stands out among the members of the population hence this may be concluded as the behaviour of the population members. NOTE: The characteristics (qualities) could be behaviour, habits, grades, depending on the qualities the group will base their research on., qualitative research will be of great importance to the general public, like to businessman, they can easily learn the preferences of their customers, to politicians, they can learn the expectations of the general public in terms of leadership and sometimes even managers can learn the attitude of their workers towards them. Through the different groups of people learning about what others think, expect and want ,the general public will be able to benefit by having different leaders, like politicians keeping to the expectations of the general public thus better running of public affairs. Also businessmen will keep to the standards that their customers expect among other benefits. The data to be collected is mainly primary data and the group will mainly collect their data through interviews which will be audiotape thus this interviews could be conducted by visiting the sites of the survey or through radio and also through telephone calls. The group is to study the different... a to be collected is mainly primary data and the group will mainly collect their data through interviews which will be audiotape thus this interviews could be conducted by visiting the sites of the survey or through radio and also through telephone calls. The group is to study the different qualities of the population and they might identify outstanding practices in their study and also learn why the population has to practice certain characteristics in relation to the qualities identified. This research is to be carried out by the focus group in a site of their own choice where they find suitable depending on the qualities they would like to study, in relation to the population of their choice. METHODS OF ANALYSIS Qualitative data can mainly be analyzed by describing data using: i) Numerical methods and ii) Graphical methods. Numerical analysis: The data could be classified into Classes: This is where data in the audiotapes is categorised in relation to the different qualities being studied. (Data is grouped into: Class frequency: The number of observations in the data set falling in a particular class grouped together. Class relative frequency: The class frequency divided by the total number of observations in the data set. Through these descriptions, qualitative data can be analysed in a table such as the one shown below: Behaviour (class) No. of individuals (frequency) Relative frequency (proportion) Kind Rude polite 5 7 10 0.227 0.318 0.455 Totals 22 1.000 Advantages: i. One is able to get an overview of the data clearly in one glance. ii. We can easily determine the number of different individual that full under each quality. iii. The total number of the population of study can be easily determined and also the proportions. iv. They are easy to